{"id":8926,"date":"2026-05-11T09:52:15","date_gmt":"2026-05-11T01:52:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.flywing-tech.com\/blog\/?p=8926"},"modified":"2026-05-11T09:52:18","modified_gmt":"2026-05-11T01:52:18","slug":"energy-harvesting-ics-explained-how-the-ltc3108-works-5-maker-project-ideas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.flywing-tech.com\/blog\/energy-harvesting-ics-explained-how-the-ltc3108-works-5-maker-project-ideas\/","title":{"rendered":"Energy-Harvesting ICs Explained: How the LTC3108 Works &amp; 5 Maker Project Ideas"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fsc_text\">\n<p><strong>Energy-harvesting power management ICs (PMICs) like the LTC3108 allow for the creation of battery-free electronic devices by converting ultra-low ambient energy into regulated power.<\/strong> While once restricted to university labs, these ICs are now advanced enough that a maker with a soldering iron and a $10 Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) can build a wireless sensor node in a single day.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>LTC3108<\/strong>, originally from Linear Technology (now Analog Devices), is the industry-standard &#8220;cold-start&#8221; harvester. Its ability to start from as little as <strong>20 mV<\/strong>\u2014the temperature gradient of a human handmakes it the de facto choice for industrial IoT, wearables, and edge computing. In this deep-dive, we analyze the LTC3108 internal architecture, compare it against competitors like the BQ25570, and provide five field-tested project schematics for your next batteryless design.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This article explains how the IC actually works and its performance in comparison to alternative energy harvesting ICs, and presents five practical projects built around the device.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_76 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\r\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\r\n<h2 class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/h2>\r\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #023a85;color:#023a85\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #023a85;color:#023a85\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\r\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flywing-tech.com\/blog\/energy-harvesting-ics-explained-how-the-ltc3108-works-5-maker-project-ideas\/#why_battery-free_electronics_are_now_practical\" >Why Battery-Free Electronics Are Now Practical<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flywing-tech.com\/blog\/energy-harvesting-ics-explained-how-the-ltc3108-works-5-maker-project-ideas\/#inside_the_ltc3108_architecture_and_working_principle\" >Inside the LTC3108: Architecture and Working Principle<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flywing-tech.com\/blog\/energy-harvesting-ics-explained-how-the-ltc3108-works-5-maker-project-ideas\/#ltc3108_pin_reference_and_vout_configuration\" >LTC3108 Pin Reference and VOUT Configuration<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flywing-tech.com\/blog\/energy-harvesting-ics-explained-how-the-ltc3108-works-5-maker-project-ideas\/#energy-harvesting_ic_landscape_ltc3108_vs_bq25570_vs_spv1050_and_others\" >Energy-Harvesting IC Landscape: LTC3108 vs BQ25570 vs SPV1050 and Others<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flywing-tech.com\/blog\/energy-harvesting-ics-explained-how-the-ltc3108-works-5-maker-project-ideas\/#ic_selection_decision_guide\" >IC Selection Decision Guide<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flywing-tech.com\/blog\/energy-harvesting-ics-explained-how-the-ltc3108-works-5-maker-project-ideas\/#pairing_the_ltc3108_with_real-world_energy_sources\" >Pairing the LTC3108 with Real-World Energy Sources<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flywing-tech.com\/blog\/energy-harvesting-ics-explained-how-the-ltc3108-works-5-maker-project-ideas\/#5_maker_projects_using_energy-harvesting_ics\" >5 Maker Projects Using Energy-Harvesting ICs<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flywing-tech.com\/blog\/energy-harvesting-ics-explained-how-the-ltc3108-works-5-maker-project-ideas\/#body-heat_powered_temperature_humidity_sensor_node\" >Body-Heat Powered Temperature + Humidity Sensor Node<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flywing-tech.com\/blog\/energy-harvesting-ics-explained-how-the-ltc3108-works-5-maker-project-ideas\/#window-mounted_indoor_solar_air_quality_monitor\" >Window-Mounted Indoor Solar Air Quality Monitor<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flywing-tech.com\/blog\/energy-harvesting-ics-explained-how-the-ltc3108-works-5-maker-project-ideas\/#vibration-powered_machine_health_monitor\" >Vibration-Powered Machine Health Monitor<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flywing-tech.com\/blog\/energy-harvesting-ics-explained-how-the-ltc3108-works-5-maker-project-ideas\/#hot_water_pipe_temperature_logger\" >Hot Water Pipe Temperature Logger<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flywing-tech.com\/blog\/energy-harvesting-ics-explained-how-the-ltc3108-works-5-maker-project-ideas\/#batteryless_soil_moisture_sensor_for_remote_agriculture\" >Batteryless Soil Moisture Sensor for Remote Agriculture<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flywing-tech.com\/blog\/energy-harvesting-ics-explained-how-the-ltc3108-works-5-maker-project-ideas\/#critical_design_pitfalls_and_how_to_fix_them\" >Critical Design Pitfalls and How to Fix Them<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flywing-tech.com\/blog\/energy-harvesting-ics-explained-how-the-ltc3108-works-5-maker-project-ideas\/#simulating_and_bench-testing_ltc3108-based_circuits\" >Simulating and Bench-Testing LTC3108-Based Circuits<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flywing-tech.com\/blog\/energy-harvesting-ics-explained-how-the-ltc3108-works-5-maker-project-ideas\/#energy_harvesting_ics_in_2025%e2%80%932026_trends_makers_should_track\" >Energy Harvesting ICs in 2025\u20132026: Trends Makers Should Track<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flywing-tech.com\/blog\/energy-harvesting-ics-explained-how-the-ltc3108-works-5-maker-project-ideas\/#frequently_asked_questions\" >Frequently Asked Questions<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flywing-tech.com\/blog\/energy-harvesting-ics-explained-how-the-ltc3108-works-5-maker-project-ideas\/#conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"why_battery-free_electronics_are_now_practical\"><\/span><strong>Why Battery-Free Electronics Are Now Practical<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>The ambient energy landscape: sources and what they actually deliver<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ambient energy harvesting takes advantage of existing energy sources within the surrounding environment, such as differences in temperature, light, vibration, and RF fields. While none of these sources are as energy-dense as the lithium-ion batteries, they can still provide sufficient power for devices that only transmit small amounts of data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The table below outlines common energy-harvesting sources, their typical real-world energy densities, and families of integrated circuits best suited to those harvesting technologies. The energy densities come from MDPI Energies publications and Analog Devices application notes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Where energy-harvesting ICs fit in the signal chain<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"margin: 40px auto;background: #ffffff;border-radius: 12px;padding: 20px;font-family: 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Arial, sans-serif\" class=\"table-scrollable\">\n\n    <table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse: collapse;font-size:14px;min-width:1100px\">\n\n        <thead style=\"background: linear-gradient(135deg, #FFA500, #6366f1);color:#ffffff\">\n            <tr>\n                <th style=\"padding:12px\">Source<\/th>\n                <th style=\"padding:12px\">Typical Transducer<\/th>\n                <th style=\"padding:12px\">Typical Output Voltage<\/th>\n                <th style=\"padding:12px\">Outdoor \/ Industrial<\/th>\n                <th style=\"padding:12px\">Indoor Power Density<\/th>\n                <th style=\"padding:12px\">Suitable ICs<\/th>\n            <\/tr>\n        <\/thead>\n\n        <tbody>\n\n            <tr style=\"background:#eef2ff\">\n                <td style=\"padding:12px;font-weight:600\">Thermal (TEG)<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">Peltier cell acting as TEG<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">20\u2013500 mV<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">Up to 1 mW\/cm\u00b2 (industrial heat)<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">25\u2013100 \u00b5W\/cm\u00b2<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">LTC3108, LTC3109, BQ25570<\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n\n            <tr>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px;font-weight:600\">Solar \/ PV<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">Monocrystalline small cell<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">0.4\u20135 V<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">100+ \u00b5W\/cm\u00b2 (outdoor)<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">10\u2013100 \u00b5W\/cm\u00b2 (fluorescent)<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">SPV1050, BQ25570, MAX20361<\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n\n            <tr style=\"background:#eef2ff\">\n                <td style=\"padding:12px;font-weight:600\">Piezoelectric<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">PZT cantilever<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">AC, 1\u201350 V peak<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">1\u20133 mW near machinery<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">4\u2013500 \u00b5W (vibration dependent)<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">LTC3588-1, BQ25570<\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n\n            <tr>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px;font-weight:600\">RF Energy<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">Rectenna \/ dipole<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">100\u2013500 mV rectified<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">Up to 100 \u00b5W near 5G base stations<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">0.1\u201310 \u00b5W at 1\u20133 m<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">P2110, Powercast P21XXCSR<\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n\n            <tr style=\"background:#eef2ff\">\n                <td style=\"padding:12px;font-weight:600\">Electromagnetic Induction<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">Current transformer (CT)<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">0.5\u20135 V AC<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">Up to 2 mW from 100+ A lines<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">50\u2013500 \u00b5W from 5 A lines<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">LTC3108, custom bridge<\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n\n        <\/tbody>\n\n    <\/table>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Raw signals from the transducers cannot be used. For example, a TEG may generate 80 mV at a 50 mA short circuit current; however, any practical digital system requires a regulated supply voltage like 3.3 V or 2.2 V. The energy harvesting IC bridges this gap by amplifying the millivolt input, managing a storage component, and giving out a regulated output with signaling for power good status.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2240\" height=\"1260\" src=\"https:\/\/www.flywing-tech.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Green-and-Gray-Minimalist-Business-Blog-Banner.png\" alt=\"Block diagram showing transducer \u2192 LTC3108 harvesting IC \u2192 supercapacitor storage \u2192 MCU and radio load, with PGD feedback loop.\u00a0\" class=\"wp-image-8960\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"inside_the_ltc3108_architecture_and_working_principle\"><\/span><strong>Inside the LTC3108: Architecture and Working Principle<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flywing-tech.com\/search\/LTC3108\">LTC3108<\/a> DC\/DC converter manufactured by Analog Devices is designed specifically to extract and convert energy from very low-voltage power sources such as TEGs, thermopiles, and small photovoltaic cells. A clear understanding of its internal architecture is essential before beginning any circuit design.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"width:100%;font-family:Arial, sans-serif\">\n\n  <div style=\"font-size:20px;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:12px\">\n    \u26a1 Key Technical Points \u2014 LTC3108 at a Glance\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div style=\"flex-wrap:wrap;gap:12px\">\n\n    <div style=\"flex:1 1 calc(50% - 12px);border:1px solid #ddd;padding:12px;border-radius:8px\">\n      <div style=\"font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;color:#ff9800\">20 mV<\/div>\n      <div style=\"font-size:13px;color:#555\">Minimum cold-start input voltage (with 1:100 transformer)<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div style=\"flex:1 1 calc(50% - 12px);border:1px solid #ddd;padding:12px;border-radius:8px\">\n      <div style=\"font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;color:#ff9800\">4 options<\/div>\n      <div style=\"font-size:13px;color:#555\">Fixed VOUT voltages: 2.3 V, 3.3 V, 4.1 V, 5 V<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div style=\"flex:1 1 calc(50% - 12px);border:1px solid #ddd;padding:12px;border-radius:8px\">\n      <div style=\"font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;color:#ff9800\">2.2 V<\/div>\n      <div style=\"font-size:13px;color:#555\">Fixed LDO output for microcontroller supply<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div style=\"flex:1 1 calc(50% - 12px);border:1px solid #ddd;padding:12px;border-radius:8px\">\n      <div style=\"font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;color:#ff9800\">\u2264 3 \u03a9<\/div>\n      <div style=\"font-size:13px;color:#555\">Maximum recommended TEG source resistance<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div style=\"flex:1 1 calc(50% - 12px);border:1px solid #ddd;padding:12px;border-radius:8px\">\n      <div style=\"font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;color:#ff9800\">15\u201340%<\/div>\n      <div style=\"font-size:13px;color:#555\">Conversion efficiency (varies with VIN 20\u2013500 mV)<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div style=\"flex:1 1 calc(50% - 12px);border:1px solid #ddd;padding:12px;border-radius:8px\">\n      <div style=\"font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;color:#ff9800\">DFN-12 \/ SSOP-16<\/div>\n      <div style=\"font-size:13px;color:#555\">Package options (3\u00d74 mm and 16-lead)<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Armstrong oscillator topology: bootstrapping from 20 mV<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The question of system start-up if input voltage is not sufficient for powering ordinary CMOS logic is one of the most essential issues associated with the design of harvesting circuits. The LTC3108 solves this problem by means of applying a resonant step-up topology that exploits the Armstrong oscillator technique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A step-up transformer with an external turns ratio (typically 1:100 with a minimum voltage input) is connected between VIN and SW pins of the chip. The latter provides a resonant oscillator which is constructed by means of utilizing a primary coil of a transformer along with a capacitor (C1; typical values 4.7-10 nF). With each cycle of the resonance procedure, the secondary side of the transformer multiplies the voltage so much that the diodes get forward-biased. Current rectification is conducted to VAUX. When VAUX equals approximately 0.5V (the threshold level that can be identified by the IC itself), a standard boost conversion procedure is carried out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thus, as we can conclude from the above discussion, the cold start-up from as low as 20mV is accomplished via a two-step procedure (oscillator \u2192 boost regulation) where the first stage requires minimal currents due to the resonance circuitry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2240\" height=\"1260\" src=\"https:\/\/www.flywing-tech.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/ADuM4121-Pin-Diagram-Top-View-8-Lead-SOIC-8W-5.png\" alt=\" Detailed block diagram of LTC3108 internal stages including Armstrong oscillator, VAUX rectifier, synchronous boost converter, voltage-select logic, 2.2V LDO, PGD comparator, VOUT and VSTORE outputs.\" class=\"wp-image-8962\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Synchronous boost converter: VOUT regulation and output sequencing<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>When sufficient charge exists on VAUX, the IC will transition from charging VAUX to operating as a boost converter. Internally, MOSFET switches will control the flow of energy out of VAUX to the VOUT capacitor. The output voltage delivered to the load is determined by two external pins (VS1 &amp; VS2), which are selected by a resistor-trimmed internal reference. There is no external feedback resistor divider circuit; therefore, the four voltage options available are hard-programmed into the IC, thus simplifying layout by removing any potential for output voltage drift due to resistor tolerances.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The order of output voltage power-up is via sequencing as follows after a cold-start sequence: VAUX charges first, then 2.2V LDO (VLDO) powers up, then VOUT will power up to its programmed output voltage, and finally, the excess energy will discharge into VSTORE. Once VOUT has reached 7.5% from the target, PGD will go high, providing an indication to the MCU that it is safe for operation to begin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>VSTORE: energy buffering and blackout operation<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The VSTORE pin is connected to the supercapacitor that serves as the external energy storage device (ESD), typically ranging from 100 \u00b5F to 0.1 F.&nbsp; When VAUX is present, VSTORE will be charged by the IC, but this charging is the secondary priority compared to VAUX charging. If the harvesting source is not present, such as when a TEG stops receiving its thermal energy source, the IC automatically turns to VSTORE to regulate VOUT. This switchover occurs seamlessly without the need for any external control circuitry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>LTC3108 vs LTC3108-1: which variant to choose<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The LTC3108 and LTC3108-1 devices have the same pin layout, but their VS1\/VS2 programming tables have been mapped to different output voltages. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flywing-tech.com\/search\/LTC3108\">LTC3108<\/a> provides four different output levels (2.3V, 3.3V, 4.1V, &amp; 5V), while the LTC3108-1 has four other output levels (2.5V, 3.0V, 3.7V, &amp; 4.5V).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Therefore, the LTC3108 is best suited for a load requiring a 3.3V output voltage (this is typically the most common voltage in today\u2019s microcontrollers). Conversely, if your load is a radio or sensor that requires either a 3.0V or 3.7V output voltage (for example, some Bluetooth low energy or BLE), or if your load is going to charge a lithium-ion (Li-Ion) battery at up to 4.2V, you will be best off using the LTC3108-1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flywing-tech.com\/product-detail\/pmic-power-management-specialized-linear-technology-analog-devices-ltc3108ide-pbf-524003bb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2160\" height=\"270\" src=\"https:\/\/www.flywing-tech.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/ltc3108idepbf.png\" alt=\"Analog Devices LTC3108IDE#PBF energy harvesting PMIC \u2013 boost converter 12-DFN specifications and technical support at Flywing\" class=\"wp-image-9022\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ltc3108_pin_reference_and_vout_configuration\"><\/span><strong>LTC3108 Pin Reference and VOUT Configuration<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The following table consolidates pin functions from the ADI<a href=\"https:\/\/www.flywing-tech.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/LTC3108.pdf\"> LTC3108 datasheet<\/a> (Rev. D). This is the most concise single-page reference available for design work.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">LTC3108<strong>&nbsp;Pin Function Reference<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<!-- LTC3108 Pin Reference Table \u2014 Fully inline-styled for WordPress Gutenberg HTML block -->\n\n<div style=\"font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,'Helvetica Neue',Arial,sans-serif;border-radius:10px;overflow:hidden;border:1px solid #d0d5dd;background:#ffffff;margin:2rem 0\">\n\n  <!-- Header -->\n  <div style=\"background:linear-gradient(135deg,#0f2942 0%,#1a4a7a 60%,#1e5c9a 100%);padding:1.1rem 1.4rem 0.9rem\">\n    <div style=\"font-size:1.05rem;font-weight:700;color:#ffffff;align-items:center;gap:0.6rem;flex-wrap:wrap\">\n      <span style=\"background:#00c896;color:#002a1a;font-size:0.72rem;font-weight:800;font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace;letter-spacing:0.08em;padding:3px 9px;border-radius:4px;text-transform:uppercase\">LTC3108<\/span>\n      Pin Function Reference\n    <\/div>\n    <div style=\"font-size:0.78rem;color:#8ab4d8;margin-top:0.3rem;font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace\">\n      DFN-12 &amp; SSOP-16 Packages &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; Source: Analog Devices Datasheet Rev. D\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div>\n    <table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.55;min-width:700px\">\n\n      <thead>\n        <tr style=\"background:#1a3a5c\">\n          <th style=\"text-align:left;padding:0.7rem 1rem 0.7rem 1.2rem;font-size:0.72rem;font-weight:700;color:#a8d4f0;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:0.07em;border-bottom:2px solid #00c896;white-space:nowrap;font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace\">Pin Name<\/th>\n          <th style=\"text-align:left;padding:0.7rem 1rem;font-size:0.72rem;font-weight:700;color:#a8d4f0;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:0.07em;border-bottom:2px solid #00c896;white-space:nowrap;font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace\">DFN-12<\/th>\n          <th style=\"text-align:left;padding:0.7rem 1rem;font-size:0.72rem;font-weight:700;color:#a8d4f0;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:0.07em;border-bottom:2px solid #00c896;white-space:nowrap;font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace\">SSOP-16<\/th>\n          <th style=\"text-align:left;padding:0.7rem 1rem;font-size:0.72rem;font-weight:700;color:#a8d4f0;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:0.07em;border-bottom:2px solid #00c896;font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace\">Function<\/th>\n          <th style=\"text-align:left;padding:0.7rem 1rem;font-size:0.72rem;font-weight:700;color:#a8d4f0;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:0.07em;border-bottom:2px solid #00c896;font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace\">Key Design Note<\/th>\n        <\/tr>\n      <\/thead>\n\n      <tbody>\n\n        <tr style=\"background:#f8fafd;border-bottom:1px solid #eef1f5\">\n          <td style=\"padding:0.65rem 1rem 0.65rem 1.2rem;vertical-align:top\">\n            <span style=\"font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace;font-size:0.82rem;font-weight:700;background:#eef4fb;color:#1a3a5c;padding:2px 8px;border-radius:4px;border:1px solid #c8ddf0;white-space:nowrap\">C1, C2<\/span>\n          <\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.65rem 1rem;vertical-align:top\">\n            <span style=\"font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace;font-size:0.82rem;color:#3a5a7a;font-weight:600;background:#f0f5fb;padding:1px 7px;border-radius:3px;white-space:nowrap\">1, 2<\/span>\n          <\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.65rem 1rem;vertical-align:top\">\n            <span style=\"font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace;font-size:0.82rem;color:#3a5a7a;font-weight:600;background:#f0f5fb;padding:1px 7px;border-radius:3px;white-space:nowrap\">1, 2<\/span>\n          <\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.65rem 1rem;vertical-align:top;color:#1e2d3d\">Coupling capacitor pins for oscillator<\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.65rem 1rem;vertical-align:top;font-size:0.835rem;color:#3a4a5a\">\n            External capacitor (4.7\u201310 nF) is required here. Oscillation frequency depends critically on this network.\n          <\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <tr style=\"background:#ffffff;border-bottom:1px solid #eef1f5\">\n          <td style=\"padding:0.65rem 1rem 0.65rem 1.2rem;vertical-align:top\">\n            <span style=\"font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace;font-size:0.82rem;font-weight:700;background:#fdeaea;color:#8a1a1a;padding:2px 8px;border-radius:4px;border:1px solid #f0a0a0;white-space:nowrap\">SW<\/span>\n          <\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.65rem 1rem;vertical-align:top\">\n            <span style=\"font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace;font-size:0.82rem;color:#3a5a7a;font-weight:600;background:#f0f5fb;padding:1px 7px;border-radius:3px;white-space:nowrap\">3<\/span>\n          <\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.65rem 1rem;vertical-align:top\">\n            <span style=\"font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace;font-size:0.82rem;color:#3a5a7a;font-weight:600;background:#f0f5fb;padding:1px 7px;border-radius:3px;white-space:nowrap\">3<\/span>\n          <\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.65rem 1rem;vertical-align:top;color:#1e2d3d\">MOSFET switch output; connects to transformer primary<\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.65rem 1rem;vertical-align:top;font-size:0.835rem;color:#5a3a00;padding-left:1.6rem;position:relative\">\n            <span style=\"position:absolute;left:1rem;top:0.65rem;font-size:0.75rem;color:#d48a00\"><\/span>\n            Supports up to 500 mA. Trace resistance must be minimized since even small drops reduce efficiency.\n          <\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <tr style=\"background:#f8fafd;border-bottom:1px solid #eef1f5\">\n          <td style=\"padding:0.65rem 1rem 0.65rem 1.2rem;vertical-align:top\">\n            <span style=\"font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace;font-size:0.82rem;font-weight:700;background:#eef4fb;color:#1a3a5c;padding:2px 8px;border-radius:4px;border:1px solid #c8ddf0;white-space:nowrap\">VOUT2<\/span>\n          <\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.65rem 1rem;vertical-align:top\">&#8230;<\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.65rem 1rem;vertical-align:top\">&#8230;<\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.65rem 1rem;vertical-align:top;color:#1e2d3d\">Switched secondary output (connected to VOUT via 1.3 \u03a9 P-ch switch)<\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.65rem 1rem;vertical-align:top;font-size:0.835rem;color:#3a4a5a\">\n            This pin remains open until VOUT2_EN is driven high. Soft-start is approximately 5 \u00b5s, with peak current limited to 0.3 A.\n          <\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <tr style=\"background:#ffffff;border-bottom:1px solid #eef1f5\">\n          <td style=\"padding:0.65rem 1rem 0.65rem 1.2rem;vertical-align:top\">\n            <span style=\"font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace;font-size:0.82rem;font-weight:700;background:#e0f7f1;color:#006b4f;padding:2px 8px;border-radius:4px;border:1px solid #7dd8c0;white-space:nowrap\">VLDO<\/span>\n          <\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.65rem 1rem;vertical-align:top\">&#8230;<\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.65rem 1rem;vertical-align:top\">&#8230;<\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.65rem 1rem;vertical-align:top;color:#1e2d3d\">2.2 V LDO output for MCU supply<\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.65rem 1rem;vertical-align:top;font-size:0.835rem;color:#3a4a5a\">\n            A minimum 2.2 \u00b5F ceramic capacitor is required to ground. Continuous output current is limited to 4 mA.\n          <\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <tr style=\"background:#f8fafd;border-bottom:1px solid #eef1f5\">\n          <td style=\"padding:0.65rem 1rem 0.65rem 1.2rem;vertical-align:top\">\n            <span style=\"font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace;font-size:0.82rem;font-weight:700;background:#fff8e6;color:#7a4f00;padding:2px 8px;border-radius:4px;border:1px solid #f0c84a;white-space:nowrap\">PGD<\/span>\n          <\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.65rem 1rem;vertical-align:top\">&#8230;<\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.65rem 1rem;vertical-align:top\">&#8230;<\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.65rem 1rem;vertical-align:top;color:#1e2d3d\">Power-good open-drain output<\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.65rem 1rem;vertical-align:top;font-size:0.835rem;color:#5a3a00;padding-left:1.6rem;position:relative\">\n            <span style=\"position:absolute;left:1rem;top:0.65rem;font-size:0.75rem;color:#d48a00\"><\/span>\n            When VOUT is within \u00b17.5%, the output goes high. If VOUT drops more than 9%, it is pulled low. Use only as MCU GPIO, not for LED driving.\n          <\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <tr style=\"background:#ffffff;border-bottom:1px solid #eef1f5\">\n          <td style=\"padding:0.65rem 1rem 0.65rem 1.2rem;vertical-align:top\">\n            <span style=\"font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace;font-size:0.82rem;font-weight:700;background:#e0f7f1;color:#006b4f;padding:2px 8px;border-radius:4px;border:1px solid #7dd8c0;white-space:nowrap\">VAUX<\/span>\n          <\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.65rem 1rem;vertical-align:top\">&#8230;<\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.65rem 1rem;vertical-align:top\">&#8230;<\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.65rem 1rem;vertical-align:top;color:#1e2d3d\">Intermediate rectified storage node<\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.65rem 1rem;vertical-align:top;font-size:0.835rem;color:#5a3a00;padding-left:1.6rem;position:relative\">\n            <span style=\"position:absolute;left:1rem;top:0.65rem;font-size:0.75rem;color:#d48a00\">\u26a0<\/span>\n            A 1 \u00b5F ceramic capacitor should be connected here. This node bootstraps internal circuitry and must not be externally loaded.\n          <\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <tr style=\"background:#f8fafd;border-bottom:1px solid #eef1f5\">\n          <td style=\"padding:0.65rem 1rem 0.65rem 1.2rem;vertical-align:top\">\n            <span style=\"font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace;font-size:0.82rem;font-weight:700;background:#e0f7f1;color:#006b4f;padding:2px 8px;border-radius:4px;border:1px solid #7dd8c0;white-space:nowrap\">VSTORE<\/span>\n          <\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.65rem 1rem;vertical-align:top\">&#8230;<\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.65rem 1rem;vertical-align:top\">&#8230;<\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.65rem 1rem;vertical-align:top;color:#1e2d3d\">Storage element input\/output<\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.65rem 1rem;vertical-align:top;font-size:0.835rem;color:#3a4a5a\">\n            Supercapacitor range is 100 \u00b5F to 0.1 F. Choose a low-leakage type; Panasonic EECEN or AVX TPSX series are recommended.\n          <\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <tr style=\"background:#ffffff;border-bottom:none\">\n          <td style=\"padding:0.65rem 1rem 0.65rem 1.2rem;vertical-align:top\">\n            <span style=\"font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace;font-size:0.82rem;font-weight:700;background:#e0f7f1;color:#006b4f;padding:2px 8px;border-radius:4px;border:1px solid #7dd8c0;white-space:nowrap\">VOUT<\/span>\n          <\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.65rem 1rem;vertical-align:top\">\u2014<\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.65rem 1rem;vertical-align:top\">4<\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.65rem 1rem;vertical-align:top;color:#1e2d3d\">Regulated main output<\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.65rem 1rem;vertical-align:top;font-size:0.835rem;color:#3a4a5a\">\n            A low-leakage capacitor is required. Tantalum or ceramic types should be selected based on load burst requirements.\n          <\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n      <\/tbody>\n    <\/table>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>VOUT Voltage Selection \u2014 VS1 &amp; VS2 Pin Programming<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<!-- LTC3108 VOUT Voltage Selection Table \u2014 Fully inline-styled for WordPress Gutenberg HTML block -->\n\n<div style=\"font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,'Helvetica Neue',Arial,sans-serif;border-radius:10px;overflow:hidden;border:1px solid #2dd121;background:#ffffff;margin:2rem 0\">\n\n  <!-- Header -->\n  <div style=\"background:linear-gradient(135deg,#0ba108 0%,#1c871a 60%,#1ee01b 100%);padding:1.1rem 1.4rem 0.9rem\">\n    <div style=\"font-size:1.05rem;font-weight:700;color:#ffffff;align-items:center;gap:0.65rem;flex-wrap:wrap\">\n      <span style=\"background:#00c896;color:#002a1a;font-size:0.72rem;font-weight:800;font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace;letter-spacing:0.08em;padding:3px 9px;border-radius:4px;text-transform:uppercase\">Table 3<\/span>\n      VOUT Voltage Selection \u2014 VS1 &amp; VS2 Pin Programming\n    <\/div>\n    <div style=\"font-size:0.78rem;color:#fafbfc;margin-top:0.3rem;font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace\">\n      Applies to LTC3108 and LTC3108-1 &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; Tie VS1 \/ VS2 to GND or VAUX as shown\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- Scroll wrapper -->\n  <div>\n    <table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.55;min-width:620px\">\n\n      <!-- Column headers -->\n      <thead>\n        <tr style=\"background:#1a3a5c\">\n          <th style=\"text-align:center;padding:0.7rem 1rem;font-size:0.72rem;font-weight:700;color:#a8d4f0;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:0.07em;border-bottom:2px solid #00c896;white-space:nowrap;font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace\">VS1<\/th>\n          <th style=\"text-align:center;padding:0.7rem 1rem;font-size:0.72rem;font-weight:700;color:#a8d4f0;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:0.07em;border-bottom:2px solid #00c896;white-space:nowrap;font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace\">VS2<\/th>\n          <th style=\"text-align:center;padding:0.7rem 1rem;font-size:0.72rem;font-weight:700;color:#00c896;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:0.07em;border-bottom:2px solid #00c896;white-space:nowrap;font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace\">LTC3108 VOUT<\/th>\n          <th style=\"text-align:center;padding:0.7rem 1rem;font-size:0.72rem;font-weight:700;color:#a8d4f0;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:0.07em;border-bottom:2px solid #00c896;white-space:nowrap;font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace\">LTC3108-1 VOUT<\/th>\n          <th style=\"text-align:left;padding:0.7rem 1.2rem;font-size:0.72rem;font-weight:700;color:#a8d4f0;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:0.07em;border-bottom:2px solid #00c896;font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace\">Typical Load Application<\/th>\n        <\/tr>\n      <\/thead>\n\n      <tbody>\n\n        <!-- Row 1 \u2014 GND \/ GND \/ 2.3V -->\n        <tr style=\"background:#f8fafd;border-bottom:1px solid #eef1f5\">\n          <td style=\"padding:0.8rem 1rem;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center\">\n            <span style=\"font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace;font-size:0.82rem;font-weight:700;background:#f0f5fb;color:#3a5a7a;padding:3px 12px;border-radius:4px;border:1px solid #c8ddf0;white-space:nowrap\">GND<\/span>\n          <\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.8rem 1rem;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center\">\n            <span style=\"font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace;font-size:0.82rem;font-weight:700;background:#f0f5fb;color:#3a5a7a;padding:3px 12px;border-radius:4px;border:1px solid #c8ddf0;white-space:nowrap\">GND<\/span>\n          <\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.8rem 1rem;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center\">\n            <span style=\"font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace;font-size:1rem;font-weight:800;background:#e0f7f1;color:#006b4f;padding:4px 16px;border-radius:6px;border:1.5px solid #7dd8c0;white-space:nowrap;letter-spacing:0.03em\">2.3 V<\/span>\n          <\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.8rem 1rem;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center\">\n            <span style=\"font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace;font-size:0.88rem;font-weight:600;background:#f4f7fb;color:#3a5a7a;padding:3px 14px;border-radius:5px;border:1px solid #c8ddf0;white-space:nowrap\">2.5 V<\/span>\n          <\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.8rem 1.2rem;vertical-align:middle;color:#1e2d3d;font-size:0.85rem\">\n            Ultra-low-power MCUs\n            <span style=\"font-size:0.78rem;color:#6a7a8a;margin-top:3px;font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace\">MSP430, SAMD21 at 1.8 V min<\/span>\n          <\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <!-- Row 2 \u2014 GND \/ VAUX \/ 3.3V (most common \u2014 highlighted) -->\n        <tr style=\"background:#f0fdf8;border-bottom:1px solid #c0e8d8;border-top:1px solid #c0e8d8\">\n          <td style=\"padding:0.8rem 1rem;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center\">\n            <span style=\"font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace;font-size:0.82rem;font-weight:700;background:#f0f5fb;color:#3a5a7a;padding:3px 12px;border-radius:4px;border:1px solid #c8ddf0;white-space:nowrap\">GND<\/span>\n          <\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.8rem 1rem;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center\">\n            <span style=\"font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace;font-size:0.82rem;font-weight:700;background:#e0f7f1;color:#006b4f;padding:3px 12px;border-radius:4px;border:1px solid #7dd8c0;white-space:nowrap\">VAUX<\/span>\n          <\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.8rem 1rem;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center\">\n            <span style=\"font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace;font-size:1rem;font-weight:800;background:#00c896;color:#002a1a;padding:4px 16px;border-radius:6px;border:1.5px solid #009e76;white-space:nowrap;letter-spacing:0.03em\">3.3 V<\/span>\n          <\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.8rem 1rem;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center\">\n            <span style=\"font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace;font-size:0.88rem;font-weight:600;background:#f4f7fb;color:#3a5a7a;padding:3px 14px;border-radius:5px;border:1px solid #c8ddf0;white-space:nowrap\">3.0 V<\/span>\n          <\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.8rem 1.2rem;vertical-align:middle;color:#1e2d3d;font-size:0.85rem\">\n            <span style=\"background:#00c896;color:#002a1a;font-size:0.65rem;font-weight:800;font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace;letter-spacing:0.07em;padding:1px 7px;border-radius:3px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-right:6px;vertical-align:middle\">Most Common<\/span>\n            nRF52, ESP32-S3, STM32, LoRa modules\n            <span style=\"font-size:0.78rem;color:#6a7a8a;margin-top:3px;font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace\">Standard 3.3 V MCU \/ radio rail<\/span>\n          <\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <!-- Row 3 \u2014 VAUX \/ GND \/ 4.1V -->\n        <tr style=\"background:#f8fafd;border-bottom:1px solid #eef1f5\">\n          <td style=\"padding:0.8rem 1rem;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center\">\n            <span style=\"font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace;font-size:0.82rem;font-weight:700;background:#e0f7f1;color:#006b4f;padding:3px 12px;border-radius:4px;border:1px solid #7dd8c0;white-space:nowrap\">VAUX<\/span>\n          <\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.8rem 1rem;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center\">\n            <span style=\"font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace;font-size:0.82rem;font-weight:700;background:#f0f5fb;color:#3a5a7a;padding:3px 12px;border-radius:4px;border:1px solid #c8ddf0;white-space:nowrap\">GND<\/span>\n          <\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.8rem 1rem;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center\">\n            <span style=\"font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace;font-size:1rem;font-weight:800;background:#e0f7f1;color:#006b4f;padding:4px 16px;border-radius:6px;border:1.5px solid #7dd8c0;white-space:nowrap;letter-spacing:0.03em\">4.1 V<\/span>\n          <\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.8rem 1rem;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center\">\n            <span style=\"font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace;font-size:0.88rem;font-weight:600;background:#f4f7fb;color:#3a5a7a;padding:3px 14px;border-radius:5px;border:1px solid #c8ddf0;white-space:nowrap\">3.7 V<\/span>\n          <\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.8rem 1.2rem;vertical-align:middle;color:#1e2d3d;font-size:0.85rem\">\n            Li-ion thin film charging\n            <span style=\"font-size:0.78rem;color:#6a7a8a;margin-top:3px;font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace\">Requires external charger IC<\/span>\n          <\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <!-- Row 4 \u2014 VAUX \/ VAUX \/ 5.0V -->\n        <tr style=\"background:#ffffff;border-bottom:none\">\n          <td style=\"padding:0.8rem 1rem;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center\">\n            <span style=\"font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace;font-size:0.82rem;font-weight:700;background:#e0f7f1;color:#006b4f;padding:3px 12px;border-radius:4px;border:1px solid #7dd8c0;white-space:nowrap\">VAUX<\/span>\n          <\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.8rem 1rem;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center\">\n            <span style=\"font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace;font-size:0.82rem;font-weight:700;background:#e0f7f1;color:#006b4f;padding:3px 12px;border-radius:4px;border:1px solid #7dd8c0;white-space:nowrap\">VAUX<\/span>\n          <\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.8rem 1rem;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center\">\n            <span style=\"font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace;font-size:1rem;font-weight:800;background:#e0f7f1;color:#006b4f;padding:4px 16px;border-radius:6px;border:1.5px solid #7dd8c0;white-space:nowrap;letter-spacing:0.03em\">5.0 V<\/span>\n          <\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.8rem 1rem;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center\">\n            <span style=\"font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace;font-size:0.88rem;font-weight:600;background:#f4f7fb;color:#3a5a7a;padding:3px 14px;border-radius:5px;border:1px solid #c8ddf0;white-space:nowrap\">4.5 V<\/span>\n          <\/td>\n          <td style=\"padding:0.8rem 1.2rem;vertical-align:middle;color:#1e2d3d;font-size:0.85rem\">\n            Supercapacitor stack charging, 5 V sensors\n            <span style=\"font-size:0.78rem;color:#6a7a8a;margin-top:3px;font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace\">Highest output \u2014 size VOUT cap accordingly<\/span>\n          <\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n      <\/tbody>\n    <\/table>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- Footer note -->\n  <div style=\"background:#f4f7fb;border-top:1px solid #d8e4f0;padding:0.65rem 1.2rem;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:0.4rem 1.5rem;align-items:center\">\n    <span style=\"font-size:0.74rem;color:#006b4f;font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace;white-space:nowrap\">\u25cf VAUX = tie pin to VAUX node<\/span>\n    <span style=\"font-size:0.74rem;color:#3a5a7a;font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace;white-space:nowrap\">\u25cf GND = tie pin to ground<\/span>\n    <span style=\"font-size:0.74rem;color:#002a1a;background:#00c896;padding:1px 7px;border-radius:3px;font-family:'Courier New',Courier,monospace;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:700\">\u2605 3.3 V = most common choice for makers<\/span>\n  <\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"energy-harvesting_ic_landscape_ltc3108_vs_bq25570_vs_spv1050_and_others\"><\/span><strong>Energy-Harvesting IC Landscape: LTC3108 vs BQ25570 vs SPV1050 and Others<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flywing-tech.com\/search\/LTC3108\">LTC3108<\/a> is not the only chip available, and sometimes, it may not be the best one to choose. Since 2020, the options for ICs that can be used for energy harvesting have expanded drastically, and picking the wrong chip can make energy generation 30\u201350% less efficient.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"margin: 40px auto;background: #ffffff;border-radius: 12px;padding: 20px;font-family: 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Arial, sans-serif\" class=\"table-scrollable\">\n\n    <table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse: collapse;font-size:14px;min-width:1000px\">\n\n        <thead style=\"background: linear-gradient(135deg, #4338ca, #6366f1);color:#ffffff\">\n            <tr>\n                <th style=\"padding:12px\">IC<\/th>\n                <th style=\"padding:12px\">Manufacturer<\/th>\n                <th style=\"padding:12px\">Min Cold-Start<\/th>\n                <th style=\"padding:12px\">MPPT<\/th>\n                <th style=\"padding:12px\">Best Source<\/th>\n                <th style=\"padding:12px\">VOUT Range<\/th>\n                <th style=\"padding:12px\">Quiescent IQ<\/th>\n                <th style=\"padding:12px\">Package<\/th>\n            <\/tr>\n        <\/thead>\n\n        <tbody>\n\n            <tr style=\"background:#eef2ff\">\n                <td style=\"padding:12px;font-weight:600\">LTC3108 \u2605 Featured IC<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">Analog Devices<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">20 mV<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">\u2717<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">TEG, thermopile, small PV<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">2.3\u20135 V (fixed 4)<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">~6 \u00b5A<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">DFN-12 \/ SSOP-16<\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n\n            <tr>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px;font-weight:600\">LTC3109<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">Analog Devices<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">30 mV<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">\u2717<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">TEG (bipolar \/ AC input)<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">2.35\u20135 V (fixed 4)<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">~6 \u00b5A<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">SSOP-20<\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n\n            <tr style=\"background:#eef2ff\">\n                <td style=\"padding:12px;font-weight:600\">BQ25570<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">Texas Instruments<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">100 mV<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">\u2713 programmable<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">Solar, TEG, piezo<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">1.8\u20135.5 V (adj.)<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">~330 nA<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">QFN-20 (3.5\u00d73.5 mm)<\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n\n            <tr>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px;font-weight:600\">SPV1050<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">STMicroelectronics<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">50 mV<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">\u2713 resistor-set<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">Solar + TEG dual<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">1.8 V, 3.3 V LDOs + unreg.<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">~8 \u00b5A<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">QFN-20 (4\u00d74 mm)<\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n\n            <tr style=\"background:#eef2ff\">\n                <td style=\"padding:12px;font-weight:600\">AEM20940<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">e-peas<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">50 mV<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">\u2713 internal<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">Solar, TEG, RF<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">1.2\u20134.5 V (adj.)<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">~800 nA<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">QFN-24 (4\u00d74 mm)<\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n\n            <tr>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px;font-weight:600\">EM8900<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">EM Microelectronic<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">5 mV Lowest in class<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">\u2717<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">TEG (ultra-low gradient)<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">1.2\u20133.3 V<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">~400 nA<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">WLCSP (ultra-small)<\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n\n        <\/tbody>\n\n    <\/table>\n\n    <div style=\"margin-top:12px;font-size:13px;color:#555\">\n        \u2605 LTC3108 = featured IC in this guide &nbsp; | &nbsp;\n        \u2713 MPPT supported &nbsp; | &nbsp;\n        \u2717 No MPPT &nbsp; | &nbsp;\n        mV = cold-start threshold &nbsp; | &nbsp;\n        IQ = quiescent current\n    <\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Texas Instruments BQ25570<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flywing-tech.com\/search\/BQ25570\">BQ25570<\/a> has utilized a completely different method than previous designs. Instead of utilizing an Armstrong Oscillator to generate the output voltage, it employs a nano-power hysteretic boost converter that has the ability to cold-start at 100 mV (or 50 mV with MPPT pre-bias).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What distinguishes the BQ25570 from other devices is its integrated Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT). In essence, when connected to a power source via the OC_SEP pin, the IC samples the power source&#8217;s open circuit voltage (Voc) continuously and always adjusts its working point in order to draw the maximum available power from the power source. As a result of this capability, the BQ25570 improves efficiency significantly when solar panels are used as a power source, since solar panels have a non-linear I-V curve based on the amount of light and temperature they are under during operation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Additionally, the BQ25570 has a quiescent current of approximately 330 nA versus the LTC3108 with an approximately 3 \u00b5A quiescent current; thus, making it much more suitable for use in always-on monitoring applications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>When to choose <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flywing-tech.com\/search\/BQ25570\">BQ25570 <\/a>over <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flywing-tech.com\/search\/LTC3108\">LTC3108<\/a>:<\/strong> Your source is primarily solar, your available input is above 100 mV, and maximizing harvested watts matters more than cold-start voltage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>STMicroelectronics SPV1050<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flywing-tech.com\/search\/SPV1050TTR\">SPV1050<\/a> is specifically intended for use in applications where simultaneous energy harvesting from two distinct types of energy sources (for example: A photovoltaic cell paired with a thermoelectric generator) is desired. The device features two independent regulated LDO outputs (1.8 V and 3.3 V) as well as an unregulated output stage, and it is configured to provide maximum power point tracking (MPPT) remotely using an external resistor divider. This capability provides flexibility so MPPT can be adjusted based on the characteristics of the solar panel used in the application. Additionally, both end-of-charge thresholds and under-voltage lockout thresholds can be externally trimmed for direct connection to thin-film batteries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>e-peas AEM20940 and EM Micro EM8900<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In cases where the temperature difference between the hot and cold sources is very low, such as in body-worn energy harvesters with less than 2\u00b0C difference between skin and air temperatures, the EM8900 will function using an input voltage as low as 5 millivolts. The AEM20940 IC offers cold start operation below 50 millivolts, as well as three different modes of energy harvesting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ic_selection_decision_guide\"><\/span><strong>IC Selection Decision Guide<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Selecting the right energy-harvesting IC depends on the input source, startup voltage requirements, and efficiency priorities. The following guide summarizes the most suitable choices based on application needs:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"width:100%;font-family:Arial, sans-serif\">\n\n  <div style=\"font-size:20px;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:12px\">\n    IC Selection Decision Guide\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div style=\"flex-wrap:wrap;gap:12px\">\n\n    <div style=\"flex:1 1 calc(50% - 12px);border:1px solid #ddd;padding:12px;border-radius:8px\">\n      <div style=\"font-size:14px;color:#555\">Cold-start &lt; 30 mV required<\/div>\n      <div style=\"font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;color:#ff9800\">LTC3108 or EM8900<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div style=\"flex:1 1 calc(50% - 12px);border:1px solid #ddd;padding:12px;border-radius:8px\">\n      <div style=\"font-size:14px;color:#555\">Primarily solar \/ PV source<\/div>\n      <div style=\"font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;color:#ff9800\">BQ25570 or SPV1050 (MPPT critical)<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div style=\"flex:1 1 calc(50% - 12px);border:1px solid #ddd;padding:12px;border-radius:8px\">\n      <div style=\"font-size:14px;color:#555\">Dual-source harvesting (PV + TEG)<\/div>\n      <div style=\"font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;color:#ff9800\">SPV1050 or AEM20940<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div style=\"flex:1 1 calc(50% - 12px);border:1px solid #ddd;padding:12px;border-radius:8px\">\n      <div style=\"font-size:14px;color:#555\">Lowest quiescent current priority<\/div>\n      <div style=\"font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;color:#ff9800\">BQ25570 (330 nA) or EM8900 (400 nA)<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div style=\"flex:1 1 calc(50% - 12px);border:1px solid #ddd;padding:12px;border-radius:8px\">\n      <div style=\"font-size:14px;color:#555\">Bipolar \/ AC TEG input<\/div>\n      <div style=\"font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;color:#ff9800\">LTC3109 (pin-compatible with LTC3108)<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"pairing_the_ltc3108_with_real-world_energy_sources\"><\/span><strong>Pairing the LTC3108 with Real-World Energy Sources<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Thermoelectric generators: what the datasheet does not tell you<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Choosing a TEG for use with the LTC3108 involves a compromise between three conflicting characteristics: Seebeck coefficient (V\/K), source resistance (\u03a9), and size. Notably, the data sheet of the LTC3108 specifies source resistance \u2264 3 \u03a9 for efficient power generation. The source resistance of miniature Peltier coolers used as TEGs is in the range 1-4 \u03a9, depending on temperature. Source resistance should be measured at the actual working temperature and not at room temperature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A 40 mm \u00d7 40 mm TEG with a temperature difference of 10\u00b0C across its surfaces produces about 4 mW when optimally matched for the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flywing-tech.com\/search\/LTC3108\">LTC3108<\/a> application, which would be enough to power a wireless temperature logger taking measurements every five minutes. In order to keep the temperature difference of 10\u00b0C, proper heatsinking is necessary on the side exposed to lower temperatures. Without a heatsink, the temperature difference collapses to 2-3\u00b0C due to convective losses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2240\" height=\"1260\" src=\"https:\/\/www.flywing-tech.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/ADuM4121-Pin-Diagram-Top-View-8-Lead-SOIC-8W-6.png\" alt=\"Annotated schematic of LTC3108 energy harvesting circuit with TEG, transformer, capacitors, supercapacitor storage, MCU and radio load, and PGD wake signal connection.\u00a0\" class=\"wp-image-8965\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Transformer selection for the LTC3108<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The transformer is the single most performance-critical external component. ADI recommends three transformer options depending on the input voltage range:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"margin: 40px auto;background: #ffffff;border-radius: 12px;padding: 20px;font-family: 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Arial, sans-serif\" class=\"table-scrollable\">\n\n    <table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse: collapse;font-size:14px;min-width:1100px\">\n\n        <thead style=\"background: linear-gradient(135deg, #4338ca, #6366f1);color:#ffffff\">\n            <tr>\n                <th style=\"padding:12px\">Source<\/th>\n                <th style=\"padding:12px\">Typical Transducer<\/th>\n                <th style=\"padding:12px\">Typical Output Voltage<\/th>\n                <th style=\"padding:12px\">Outdoor \/ Industrial<\/th>\n                <th style=\"padding:12px\">Indoor Power Density<\/th>\n                <th style=\"padding:12px\">Suitable ICs<\/th>\n            <\/tr>\n        <\/thead>\n\n        <tbody>\n\n            <tr style=\"background:#eef2ff\">\n                <td style=\"padding:12px;font-weight:600\">Thermal (TEG)<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">Peltier cell acting as TEG<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">20\u2013500 mV<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">Up to 1 mW\/cm\u00b2 (industrial heat)<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">25\u2013100 \u00b5W\/cm\u00b2<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">LTC3108, LTC3109, BQ25570<\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n\n            <tr>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px;font-weight:600\">Solar \/ PV<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">Monocrystalline small cell<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">0.4\u20135 V<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">100+ \u00b5W\/cm\u00b2 (outdoor)<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">10\u2013100 \u00b5W\/cm\u00b2 (fluorescent)<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">SPV1050, BQ25570, MAX20361<\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n\n            <tr style=\"background:#eef2ff\">\n                <td style=\"padding:12px;font-weight:600\">Piezoelectric<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">PZT cantilever<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">AC, 1\u201350 V peak<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">1\u20133 mW near machinery<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">4\u2013500 \u00b5W (vibration dependent)<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">LTC3588-1, BQ25570<\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n\n            <tr>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px;font-weight:600\">RF Energy<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">Rectenna \/ dipole<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">100\u2013500 mV rectified<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">Up to 100 \u00b5W near 5G base stations<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">0.1\u201310 \u00b5W at 1\u20133 m<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">P2110, Powercast P21XXCSR<\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n\n            <tr style=\"background:#eef2ff\">\n                <td style=\"padding:12px;font-weight:600\">Electromagnetic Induction<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">Current transformer (CT)<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">0.5\u20135 V AC<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">Up to 2 mW from 100+ A lines<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">50\u2013500 \u00b5W from 5 A lines<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">LTC3108, custom bridge<\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n\n        <\/tbody>\n\n    <\/table>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_maker_projects_using_energy-harvesting_ics\"><\/span><strong>5 Maker Projects Using Energy-Harvesting ICs<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Each project below contains a minimal bill of materials and a power budget table. Consequently, power budgets are estimated based on the target duty cycle. All the components are forecasted to be in production by 2025 and available at Fly-Wing Tech.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"max-width: 650px;font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;background-color: #fcfcfc;border-radius: 10px;overflow: hidden\">\n  \n  <!-- Header Section -->\n  <div style=\"background-color: #1a1a15;color: #ffffff;padding: 24px;flex-direction: column;gap: 12px\">\n    <div style=\"align-items: center;gap: 10px\">\n      <span style=\"background-color: #1a5c33;color: #ffffff;padding: 2px 10px;border-radius: 4px;font-size: 12px;font-weight: 800;letter-spacing: 0.5px\">PROJECT 01<\/span>\n      <h2 style=\"margin: 0;font-size: 22px;font-weight: 700;line-height: 1.2\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"body-heat_powered_temperature_humidity_sensor_node\"><\/span>Body-Heat Powered Temperature + Humidity Sensor Node<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n    <\/div>\n    <div style=\"font-family: 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, monospace;color: #a0a0a0;font-size: 13px;border-left: 2px solid #333;padding-left: 12px;margin-top: 4px\">\n      TEG on wrist &rarr; LTC3108 &rarr; nRF52840 &rarr; BLE beacon every 60 sec\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- Grid Section -->\n  <div style=\"grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;gap: 16px;padding: 24px;background-color: #ffffff;border: 1px solid #eee;border-top: none;border-radius: 0 0 10px 10px\">\n    \n    <!-- Item 1 -->\n    <div style=\"border: 1px solid #eaeaea;padding: 16px;border-radius: 8px\">\n      <div style=\"font-size: 10px;color: #999;font-weight: 700;letter-spacing: 1.2px;margin-bottom: 6px;text-transform: uppercase\">Harvesting IC<\/div>\n      <div style=\"font-size: 17px;font-weight: 700;color: #111\">LTC3108<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <!-- Item 2 -->\n    <div style=\"border: 1px solid #eaeaea;padding: 16px;border-radius: 8px\">\n      <div style=\"font-size: 10px;color: #999;font-weight: 700;letter-spacing: 1.2px;margin-bottom: 6px;text-transform: uppercase\">Transformer<\/div>\n      <div style=\"font-size: 17px;font-weight: 700;color: #111\">LPR6235 1:100<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <!-- Item 3 -->\n    <div style=\"border: 1px solid #eaeaea;padding: 16px;border-radius: 8px\">\n      <div style=\"font-size: 10px;color: #999;font-weight: 700;letter-spacing: 1.2px;margin-bottom: 6px;text-transform: uppercase\">Storage<\/div>\n      <div style=\"font-size: 17px;font-weight: 700;color: #111\">0.1 F \/ 5 V supercap<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <!-- Item 4 -->\n    <div style=\"border: 1px solid #eaeaea;padding: 16px;border-radius: 8px\">\n      <div style=\"font-size: 10px;color: #999;font-weight: 700;letter-spacing: 1.2px;margin-bottom: 6px;text-transform: uppercase\">MCU<\/div>\n      <div style=\"font-size: 17px;font-weight: 700;color: #111\">nRF52840 (Nordic)<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <!-- Item 5 -->\n    <div style=\"border: 1px solid #eaeaea;padding: 16px;border-radius: 8px\">\n      <div style=\"font-size: 10px;color: #999;font-weight: 700;letter-spacing: 1.2px;margin-bottom: 6px;text-transform: uppercase\">Sensor<\/div>\n      <div style=\"font-size: 17px;font-weight: 700;color: #111\">SHT31 (T\/H)<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <!-- Item 6 -->\n    <div style=\"border: 1px solid #eaeaea;padding: 16px;border-radius: 8px\">\n      <div style=\"font-size: 10px;color: #999;font-weight: 700;letter-spacing: 1.2px;margin-bottom: 6px;text-transform: uppercase\">VOUT SET<\/div>\n      <div style=\"font-size: 17px;font-weight: 700;color: #111\">3.3 V<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The small TEG (15 mm \u00d7 15 mm, e.g., Laird UTG-57-40-F2) is placed onto the wrist using a clamp with low thermal resistance. The temperature of the skin (~34\u00b0C) and environment (~22\u00b0C) results in ~12\u00b0C dT. For 15 mm TEG operating with this dT, about 80\u2013150 \u00b5W of power can be produced, dependent on the quality of the heatsink. After that, once the supercapacitor is charged by the LTC3108, the nRF52840 wakes up from the System OFF mode.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Power Budget \u2014 Project 1<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"width:100%;font-family:Arial, sans-serif\">\n\n  <div style=\"font-size:20px;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:12px;color:#1e88e5\">\n    Power Consumption Summary Table\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div style=\"width:100%\">\n    <table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13px;min-width:600px\">\n\n      <tr style=\"background:#1e88e5;color:#fff;text-align:left\">\n        <th style=\"padding:10px\">Component<\/th>\n        <th style=\"padding:10px\">State<\/th>\n        <th style=\"padding:10px\">Current<\/th>\n        <th style=\"padding:10px\">Duration \/ Duty<\/th>\n        <th style=\"padding:10px\">Average Power<\/th>\n      <\/tr>\n\n      <tr style=\"background:#f4f9ff\">\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">nRF52840<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">System OFF sleep<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">0.4 \u00b5A<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">~59.5 sec<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px;color:#1e88e5;font-weight:bold\">0.4 \u00b5W @ 3.3 V<\/td>\n      <\/tr>\n\n      <tr style=\"background:#ffffff\">\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">nRF52840<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">Active + BLE TX<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">~7 mA peak<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">~500 ms per min<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px;color:#1e88e5;font-weight:bold\">~58 \u00b5W avg<\/td>\n      <\/tr>\n\n      <tr style=\"background:#f4f9ff\">\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">SHT31 sensor<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">Measure + idle<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">0.2 \u00b5A idle \/ 1.5 mA meas.<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">2 ms measure<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px;color:#1e88e5;font-weight:bold\">~0.1 \u00b5W avg<\/td>\n      <\/tr>\n\n      <tr style=\"background:#ffffff\">\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">LTC3108<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">Quiescent (always on)<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">~6 \u00b5A @ VIN<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">Continuous<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px;color:#1e88e5;font-weight:bold\">~0.3 \u00b5W<\/td>\n      <\/tr>\n\n      <tr style=\"background:#e3f2fd;font-weight:bold\">\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">Total average<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">\u2014<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">\u2014<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">\u2014<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px;color:#0d47a1\">~59 \u00b5W<\/td>\n      <\/tr>\n\n      <tr style=\"background:#e8f5e9\">\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">TEG available<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">12\u00b0C dT, 15 mm TEG<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">\u2014<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">\u2014<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px;color:#2e7d32;font-weight:bold\">80\u2013150 \u00b5W<\/td>\n      <\/tr>\n\n    <\/table>\n  <\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>BUILD NOTE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Use the VOUT2_EN pin to disconnect the nRF52840&#8217;s VDD entirely between transmissions. This reduces system sleep current to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flywing-tech.com\/search\/LTC3108\">LTC3108<\/a> quiescent + SHT31 idle only (~6.6 \u00b5A total). The PGD pin connected to the nRF52840 P0.04 GPIO triggers wakeup in under 10 \u00b5s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"max-width: 650px;font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;background-color: #fcfcfc;border-radius: 10px;overflow: hidden\">\n  \n  <!-- Header Section -->\n  <div style=\"background-color: #1a1a15;color: #ffffff;padding: 24px;flex-direction: column;gap: 12px\">\n    <div style=\"align-items: center;gap: 10px\">\n      <span style=\"background-color: #1a5c33;color: #ffffff;padding: 2px 10px;border-radius: 4px;font-size: 12px;font-weight: 800;letter-spacing: 0.5px\">PROJECT 02<\/span>\n      <h2 style=\"margin: 0;font-size: 22px;font-weight: 700;line-height: 1.2\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"window-mounted_indoor_solar_air_quality_monitor\"><\/span>Window-Mounted Indoor Solar Air Quality Monitor<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n    <\/div>\n    <div style=\"font-family: 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, monospace;color: #a0a0a0;font-size: 13px;border-left: 2px solid #333;padding-left: 12px;margin-top: 4px\">\n      Small PV cell &rarr; BQ25570 (MPPT) &rarr; ESP32-S3 deep sleep &rarr; LoRa uplink every 15 min\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- Grid Section -->\n  <div style=\"grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;gap: 16px;padding: 24px;background-color: #ffffff;border: 1px solid #eee;border-top: none;border-radius: 0 0 10px 10px\">\n    \n    <!-- Item 1 -->\n    <div style=\"border: 1px solid #eaeaea;padding: 16px;border-radius: 8px\">\n      <div style=\"font-size: 10px;color: #999;font-weight: 700;letter-spacing: 1.2px;margin-bottom: 6px;text-transform: uppercase\">Harvesting IC<\/div>\n      <div style=\"font-size: 17px;font-weight: 700;color: #111\">BQ25570<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <!-- Item 2 -->\n    <div style=\"border: 1px solid #eaeaea;padding: 16px;border-radius: 8px\">\n      <div style=\"font-size: 10px;color: #999;font-weight: 700;letter-spacing: 1.2px;margin-bottom: 6px;text-transform: uppercase\">PV Cell<\/div>\n      <div style=\"font-size: 17px;font-weight: 700;color: #111\">IXYS SLMD121H10L<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <!-- Item 3 -->\n    <div style=\"border: 1px solid #eaeaea;padding: 16px;border-radius: 8px\">\n      <div style=\"font-size: 10px;color: #999;font-weight: 700;letter-spacing: 1.2px;margin-bottom: 6px;text-transform: uppercase\">Storage<\/div>\n      <div style=\"font-size: 17px;font-weight: 700;color: #111\">0.47 F + LiFePO4<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <!-- Item 4 -->\n    <div style=\"border: 1px solid #eaeaea;padding: 16px;border-radius: 8px\">\n      <div style=\"font-size: 10px;color: #999;font-weight: 700;letter-spacing: 1.2px;margin-bottom: 6px;text-transform: uppercase\">MCU<\/div>\n      <div style=\"font-size: 17px;font-weight: 700;color: #111\">ESP32-S3 @ 20 MHz<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <!-- Item 5 -->\n    <div style=\"border: 1px solid #eaeaea;padding: 16px;border-radius: 8px\">\n      <div style=\"font-size: 10px;color: #999;font-weight: 700;letter-spacing: 1.2px;margin-bottom: 6px;text-transform: uppercase\">Sensor<\/div>\n      <div style=\"font-size: 17px;font-weight: 700;color: #111\">SCD41 (CO2\/T\/H)<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <!-- Item 6 -->\n    <div style=\"border: 1px solid #eaeaea;padding: 16px;border-radius: 8px\">\n      <div style=\"font-size: 10px;color: #999;font-weight: 700;letter-spacing: 1.2px;margin-bottom: 6px;text-transform: uppercase\">Radio<\/div>\n      <div style=\"font-size: 17px;font-weight: 700;color: #111\">SX1262 LoRa<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>MPPT CONFIGURATION NOTE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Set the BQ25570 MPPT ratio to 80% by selecting R_OC1 and R_OC2 per the TI datasheet calculator. For the IXYS SLMD121H10L, an MPPT voltage of approximately 2.4 V (80% of ~3 V VOC at 300 lux) is optimal. The reference design is the TI TIDA-00242 evaluation board.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"max-width: 650px;font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;background-color: #fcfcfc;border-radius: 10px;overflow: hidden\">\n  \n  <!-- Header Section -->\n  <div style=\"background-color: #1a1a15;color: #ffffff;padding: 24px;flex-direction: column;gap: 12px\">\n    <div style=\"align-items: center;gap: 10px\">\n      <span style=\"background-color: #1a5c33;color: #ffffff;padding: 2px 10px;border-radius: 4px;font-size: 12px;font-weight: 800;letter-spacing: 0.5px\">PROJECT 03<\/span>\n      <h2 style=\"margin: 0;font-size: 22px;font-weight: 700;line-height: 1.2\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"vibration-powered_machine_health_monitor\"><\/span>Vibration-Powered Machine Health Monitor<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n    <\/div>\n    <div style=\"font-family: 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, monospace;color: #a0a0a0;font-size: 13px;border-left: 2px solid #333;padding-left: 12px;margin-top: 4px\">\n      PZT cantilever &rarr; LTC3588-1 &rarr; ATtiny3227 &rarr; XBee transmission every 10 min\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- Grid Section -->\n  <div style=\"grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;gap: 16px;padding: 24px;background-color: #ffffff;border: 1px solid #eee;border-top: none;border-radius: 0 0 10px 10px\">\n    \n    <!-- Item 1 -->\n    <div style=\"border: 1px solid #eaeaea;padding: 16px;border-radius: 8px\">\n      <div style=\"font-size: 10px;color: #999;font-weight: 700;letter-spacing: 1.2px;margin-bottom: 6px;text-transform: uppercase\">Harvesting IC<\/div>\n      <div style=\"font-size: 17px;font-weight: 700;color: #111\">LTC3588-1<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <!-- Item 2 -->\n    <div style=\"border: 1px solid #eaeaea;padding: 16px;border-radius: 8px\">\n      <div style=\"font-size: 10px;color: #999;font-weight: 700;letter-spacing: 1.2px;margin-bottom: 6px;text-transform: uppercase\">Piezo Element<\/div>\n      <div style=\"font-size: 17px;font-weight: 700;color: #111\">Mid\u00e9 V22BL PZT<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <!-- Item 3 -->\n    <div style=\"border: 1px solid #eaeaea;padding: 16px;border-radius: 8px\">\n      <div style=\"font-size: 10px;color: #999;font-weight: 700;letter-spacing: 1.2px;margin-bottom: 6px;text-transform: uppercase\">Storage<\/div>\n      <div style=\"font-size: 17px;font-weight: 700;color: #111\">470 \u00b5F tantalum<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <!-- Item 4 -->\n    <div style=\"border: 1px solid #eaeaea;padding: 16px;border-radius: 8px\">\n      <div style=\"font-size: 10px;color: #999;font-weight: 700;letter-spacing: 1.2px;margin-bottom: 6px;text-transform: uppercase\">MCU<\/div>\n      <div style=\"font-size: 17px;font-weight: 700;color: #111\">ATtiny3227<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <!-- Item 5 -->\n    <div style=\"border: 1px solid #eaeaea;padding: 16px;border-radius: 8px\">\n      <div style=\"font-size: 10px;color: #999;font-weight: 700;letter-spacing: 1.2px;margin-bottom: 6px;text-transform: uppercase\">Accelerometer<\/div>\n      <div style=\"font-size: 17px;font-weight: 700;color: #111\">ADXL362 (ULP)<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <!-- Item 6 -->\n    <div style=\"border: 1px solid #eaeaea;padding: 16px;border-radius: 8px\">\n      <div style=\"font-size: 10px;color: #999;font-weight: 700;letter-spacing: 1.2px;margin-bottom: 6px;text-transform: uppercase\">Radio<\/div>\n      <div style=\"font-size: 17px;font-weight: 700;color: #111\">XBee 900HP<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>IMPORTANT: RESONANCE MATCHING<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A piezoelectric cantilever only harvests efficiently when its natural resonant frequency matches the vibration source. Verify the vibration spectrum of your target machine with an accelerometer log before sizing the cantilever. A 2 Hz mismatch between cantilever resonance and source frequency can reduce output power by over 80%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"max-width: 650px;font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;background-color: #fcfcfc;border-radius: 10px;overflow: hidden\">\n  \n  <!-- Header Section -->\n  <div style=\"background-color: #1a1a15;color: #ffffff;padding: 24px;flex-direction: column;gap: 12px\">\n    <div style=\"align-items: center;gap: 10px\">\n      <span style=\"background-color: #1a5c33;color: #ffffff;padding: 2px 10px;border-radius: 4px;font-size: 12px;font-weight: 800;letter-spacing: 0.5px\">PROJECT 04<\/span>\n      <h2 style=\"margin: 0;font-size: 22px;font-weight: 700;line-height: 1.2\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"hot_water_pipe_temperature_logger\"><\/span>Hot Water Pipe Temperature Logger<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n    <\/div>\n    <div style=\"font-family: 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, monospace;color: #a0a0a0;font-size: 13px;border-left: 2px solid #333;padding-left: 12px;margin-top: 4px\">\n      TEG pipe clamp &rarr; LTC3108 &rarr; SAMD21 &rarr; SX1262 LoRa uplink\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- Grid Section -->\n  <div style=\"grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;gap: 16px;padding: 24px;background-color: #ffffff;border: 1px solid #eee;border-top: none;border-radius: 0 0 10px 10px\">\n    \n    <!-- Item 1 -->\n    <div style=\"border: 1px solid #eaeaea;padding: 16px;border-radius: 8px\">\n      <div style=\"font-size: 10px;color: #999;font-weight: 700;letter-spacing: 1.2px;margin-bottom: 6px;text-transform: uppercase\">Harvesting IC<\/div>\n      <div style=\"font-size: 17px;font-weight: 700;color: #111\">LTC3108<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <!-- Item 2 -->\n    <div style=\"border: 1px solid #eaeaea;padding: 16px;border-radius: 8px\">\n      <div style=\"font-size: 10px;color: #999;font-weight: 700;letter-spacing: 1.2px;margin-bottom: 6px;text-transform: uppercase\">TEG<\/div>\n      <div style=\"font-size: 17px;font-weight: 700;color: #111\">Laird UTG-57-40-F2<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <!-- Item 3 -->\n    <div style=\"border: 1px solid #eaeaea;padding: 16px;border-radius: 8px\">\n      <div style=\"font-size: 10px;color: #999;font-weight: 700;letter-spacing: 1.2px;margin-bottom: 6px;text-transform: uppercase\">Transformer<\/div>\n      <div style=\"font-size: 17px;font-weight: 700;color: #111\">LPR6235 1:100<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <!-- Item 4 -->\n    <div style=\"border: 1px solid #eaeaea;padding: 16px;border-radius: 8px\">\n      <div style=\"font-size: 10px;color: #999;font-weight: 700;letter-spacing: 1.2px;margin-bottom: 6px;text-transform: uppercase\">Storage<\/div>\n      <div style=\"font-size: 17px;font-weight: 700;color: #111\">0.1 F \/ 5 V supercap<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <!-- Item 5 -->\n    <div style=\"border: 1px solid #eaeaea;padding: 16px;border-radius: 8px\">\n      <div style=\"font-size: 10px;color: #999;font-weight: 700;letter-spacing: 1.2px;margin-bottom: 6px;text-transform: uppercase\">MCU<\/div>\n      <div style=\"font-size: 17px;font-weight: 700;color: #111\">SAMD21 (Cortex-M0+)<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <!-- Item 6 -->\n    <div style=\"border: 1px solid #eaeaea;padding: 16px;border-radius: 8px\">\n      <div style=\"font-size: 10px;color: #999;font-weight: 700;letter-spacing: 1.2px;margin-bottom: 6px;text-transform: uppercase\">Radio<\/div>\n      <div style=\"font-size: 17px;font-weight: 700;color: #111\">SX1262 LoRa<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Power Budget \u2014 Project 4<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"width:100%;font-family:Arial, sans-serif\">\n\n  <div style=\"font-size:20px;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:12px;color:#6a1b9a\">\n    Power Budget Analysis \u2014 SAMD21 + LoRa System\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div style=\"width:100%\">\n    <table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:13px;min-width:650px\">\n\n      <tr style=\"background:#6a1b9a;color:#fff;text-align:left\">\n        <th style=\"padding:10px\">Component<\/th>\n        <th style=\"padding:10px\">State<\/th>\n        <th style=\"padding:10px\">Current<\/th>\n        <th style=\"padding:10px\">Duration<\/th>\n        <th style=\"padding:10px\">Average Power<\/th>\n      <\/tr>\n\n      <tr style=\"background:#f6f0ff\">\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">SAMD21<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">Standby sleep<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">5 \u00b5A<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">~299.8 sec \/ 5 min<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px;color:#6a1b9a;font-weight:bold\">16.5 \u00b5W<\/td>\n      <\/tr>\n\n      <tr style=\"background:#ffffff\">\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">SAMD21<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">Active (wake + compute)<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">3 mA @ 3.3 V<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">~200 ms<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px;color:#6a1b9a;font-weight:bold\">6.6 \u00b5W avg<\/td>\n      <\/tr>\n\n      <tr style=\"background:#f6f0ff\">\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">SX1262<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">LoRa TX (14 dBm)<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">~87 mA<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">~150 ms<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px;color:#6a1b9a;font-weight:bold\">~435 \u00b5W avg<\/td>\n      <\/tr>\n\n      <tr style=\"background:#ffffff\">\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">LTC3108<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">IQ (always on)<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">6 \u00b5A @ VIN<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">Continuous<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px;color:#6a1b9a;font-weight:bold\">~0.5 \u00b5W<\/td>\n      <\/tr>\n\n      <tr style=\"background:#ede7f6;font-weight:bold\">\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">Total average<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">\u2014<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">\u2014<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">\u2014<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px;color:#4a148c\">~459 \u00b5W<\/td>\n      <\/tr>\n\n      <tr style=\"background:#e8f5e9\">\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">TEG harvest<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">40 mm, 35\u00b0C dT<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">\u2014<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px\">\u2014<\/td>\n        <td style=\"padding:10px;color:#2e7d32;font-weight:bold\">~14,000 \u00b5W<\/td>\n      <\/tr>\n\n    <\/table>\n  <\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"max-width: 650px;font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;background-color: #fcfcfc;border-radius: 10px;overflow: hidden\">\n  \n  <!-- Header Section -->\n  <div style=\"background-color: #1a1a15;color: #ffffff;padding: 24px;flex-direction: column;gap: 12px\">\n    <div style=\"align-items: center;gap: 10px\">\n      <span style=\"background-color: #1a5c33;color: #ffffff;padding: 2px 10px;border-radius: 4px;font-size: 12px;font-weight: 800;letter-spacing: 0.5px\">PROJECT 05<\/span>\n      <h2 style=\"margin: 0;font-size: 22px;font-weight: 700;line-height: 1.2\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"batteryless_soil_moisture_sensor_for_remote_agriculture\"><\/span>Batteryless Soil Moisture Sensor for Remote Agriculture<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n    <\/div>\n    <div style=\"font-family: 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, monospace;color: #a0a0a0;font-size: 13px;border-left: 2px solid #333;padding-left: 12px;margin-top: 4px\">\n      Outdoor PV &rarr; SPV1050 (MPPT) &rarr; STM32L0 &rarr; Zigbee transmission every 30 min\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- Grid Section -->\n  <div style=\"grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;gap: 16px;padding: 24px;background-color: #ffffff;border: 1px solid #eee;border-top: none;border-radius: 0 0 10px 10px\">\n    \n    <!-- Item 1 -->\n    <div style=\"border: 1px solid #eaeaea;padding: 16px;border-radius: 8px\">\n      <div style=\"font-size: 10px;color: #999;font-weight: 700;letter-spacing: 1.2px;margin-bottom: 6px;text-transform: uppercase\">Harvesting IC<\/div>\n      <div style=\"font-size: 17px;font-weight: 700;color: #111\">SPV1050<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <!-- Item 2 -->\n    <div style=\"border: 1px solid #eaeaea;padding: 16px;border-radius: 8px\">\n      <div style=\"font-size: 10px;color: #999;font-weight: 700;letter-spacing: 1.2px;margin-bottom: 6px;text-transform: uppercase\">PV Panel<\/div>\n      <div style=\"font-size: 17px;font-weight: 700;color: #111\">50 cm\u00b2 Monocrystalline<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <!-- Item 3 -->\n    <div style=\"border: 1px solid #eaeaea;padding: 16px;border-radius: 8px\">\n      <div style=\"font-size: 10px;color: #999;font-weight: 700;letter-spacing: 1.2px;margin-bottom: 6px;text-transform: uppercase\">Storage<\/div>\n      <div style=\"font-size: 17px;font-weight: 700;color: #111\">Thin-film LiPON<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <!-- Item 4 -->\n    <div style=\"border: 1px solid #eaeaea;padding: 16px;border-radius: 8px\">\n      <div style=\"font-size: 10px;color: #999;font-weight: 700;letter-spacing: 1.2px;margin-bottom: 6px;text-transform: uppercase\">MCU<\/div>\n      <div style=\"font-size: 17px;font-weight: 700;color: #111\">STM32L053 (Cortex-M0+)<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <!-- Item 5 -->\n    <div style=\"border: 1px solid #eaeaea;padding: 16px;border-radius: 8px\">\n      <div style=\"font-size: 10px;color: #999;font-weight: 700;letter-spacing: 1.2px;margin-bottom: 6px;text-transform: uppercase\">Sensor<\/div>\n      <div style=\"font-size: 17px;font-weight: 700;color: #111\">Capacitive + DS18B20<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <!-- Item 6 -->\n    <div style=\"border: 1px solid #eaeaea;padding: 16px;border-radius: 8px\">\n      <div style=\"font-size: 10px;color: #999;font-weight: 700;letter-spacing: 1.2px;margin-bottom: 6px;text-transform: uppercase\">Radio<\/div>\n      <div style=\"font-size: 17px;font-weight: 700;color: #111\">CC2530 Zigbee<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><br><strong>THIN-FILM BATTERY VS. SUPERCAPACITOR<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>For multi-day outages (cloudy agricultural environments), a thin-film LiPON battery is preferred over a supercapacitor because its self-discharge rate is measured in months, not days. The SPV1050 supports direct thin-film battery charging with adjustable end-of-charge voltage \u2014 set VEOC to 4.1 V for extended cycle life. Supercapacitors discharge ~20% per day in typical ambient conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"critical_design_pitfalls_and_how_to_fix_them\"><\/span><strong>Critical Design Pitfalls and How to Fix Them<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Why Your LTC3108 Output is 4.9V Instead of 5V? | Energy Harvesting Fix\" width=\"1778\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/vx0dkYMKgA4?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Pitfall 1: Wrong transformer or leakage inductance too high<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Problem:<\/strong> The circuit fails to oscillate or oscillates poorly, and VAUX never charges above 0.3 V despite a valid VIN signal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Root cause:<\/strong> The transformer&#8217;s leakage inductance is too high relative to its magnetizing inductance, or the winding capacitance is resonating at a frequency the LTC3108 cannot track. Substituting a generic audio transformer with unmeasured winding capacitance causes this.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Fix:<\/strong> Use only the Coilcraft or W\u00fcrth transformers from ADI Table 5. Measure leakage inductance with an LCR meter before populating. Do not substitute similar-value inductors \u2014 the turns ratio and core material matter critically.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Pitfall 2: High-leakage storage capacitor draining VSTORE overnight<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Problem:<\/strong> The sensor node worked during initial testing (continuous harvesting) but fails to restart after an overnight shutdown period.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Root cause:<\/strong> Generic aluminum electrolytic capacitors have leakage currents of 10\u2013100 \u00b5A at rated voltage, which outpaces the trickle charge available from a small TEG in a low-gradient environment. The supercapacitor drains completely before morning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Fix:<\/strong> Use low-leakage supercapacitors \u2014 ADI&#8217;s Table 6 recommends Panasonic EECEN series or AVX TPSX series. Measure actual leakage at the operating voltage, not at rated voltage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Pitfall 3: Brown-out reset loop due to incorrect PGD-pin usage<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Problem:<\/strong> The MCU boots, begins transmitting, then resets repeatedly in a fast loop, consuming more power than harvested and preventing VOUT from ever stabilizing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Root cause:<\/strong> The MCU is waking on PGD rising edge but starting its radio immediately at full power, collapsing VOUT below the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flywing-tech.com\/search\/LTC3108\">LTC3108<\/a> regulation band, pulling PGD low, causing a reset, and repeating.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><strong>Fix:<\/strong> After PGD goes high, add a firmware delay of 200\u2013500 ms before enabling the radio, allowing VOUT to charge to full regulation. Also size the VOUT capacitor for the maximum expected load current burst: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">$C = I_load \u00d7 t_burst \/ \u0394V_allowed.$<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For a 90 mA radio burst over 150 ms with 200 mV tolerable droop: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">$C = 0.09 \u00d7 0.150 \/ 0.200 = 67.5 mF.$ <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Use a 100 mF VOUT capacitor for this load.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Pitfall 4: PCB layout resistance in the primary winding path<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Problem:<\/strong> The circuit cold-starts at lab temperatures but fails below 10\u00b0C (reduced TEG output).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Root cause:<\/strong> High trace resistance between VIN, transformer primary, SW pin, and GND creates a voltage drop that effectively raises the minimum operational VIN. The IC can carry up to 500 mA in the switch path; even 10 m\u03a9 of stray resistance creates a 5 mV drop at 500 mA, enough to prevent cold-start at marginal input voltages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Fix:<\/strong> Route VIN, SW, and GND with minimum trace length, maximum width (\u2265 1 mm for 1 oz copper on a two-layer board), and no vias in the primary path. Therefore, use a ground plane under the IC, and ensure the thermal pad is soldered in DFN-12 packages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"max-width: 900px;margin: 40px auto;background: #ffffff;border-radius: 14px;padding: 20px;font-family: 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Arial, sans-serif\">\n\n    <table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse: collapse;font-size:13.5px;min-width:750px\">\n\n        <thead style=\"background: linear-gradient(135deg, #f59e0b, #14b8a6);color:#ffffff\">\n            <tr>\n                <th style=\"padding:12px\">Symptom<\/th>\n                <th style=\"padding:12px\">Root Cause<\/th>\n                <th style=\"padding:12px\">Fix<\/th>\n            <\/tr>\n        <\/thead>\n\n        <tbody>\n\n            <tr style=\"background:#fffbeb\">\n                <td style=\"padding:12px;font-weight:600\">VAUX &lt; 0.3 V<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">Wrong transformer \/ high leakage<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">Use Coilcraft \/ W\u00fcrth specified part<\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n\n            <tr>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px;font-weight:600\">Fails after long OFF<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">High-leakage supercap<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">Use Panasonic EECEN \/ AVX TPSX<\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n\n            <tr style=\"background:#fffbeb\">\n                <td style=\"padding:12px;font-weight:600\">MCU reset loop<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">Radio starts too early<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">Add 200\u2013500 ms delay after PGD<\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n\n            <tr>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px;font-weight:600\">Cold start &lt;10\u00b0C fail<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">Trace resistance drops VIN<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">\u22651 mm trace, no vias, solid pad<\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n\n            <tr style=\"background:#fffbeb\">\n                <td style=\"padding:12px;font-weight:600\">Low efficiency<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">TEG RS &gt; 3 \u03a9<\/td>\n                <td style=\"padding:12px\">Use TEG RS \u2264 2 \u03a9 (measure hot)<\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n\n        <\/tbody>\n\n    <\/table>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"simulating_and_bench-testing_ltc3108-based_circuits\"><\/span><strong>Simulating and Bench-Testing LTC3108-Based Circuits<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>LTspice simulation setup<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Analog Devices provides an LTspice model for the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flywing-tech.com\/search\/LTC3108\">LTC3108<\/a>. After importing the model file (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.analog.com\/en\/products\/ltc3108.html#tools-header\">LTC3108.lib<\/a> from the ADI website), the TEG can be modeled as a voltage source in series with a resistance matching the TEG&#8217;s internal source resistance. Use a Thevenin equivalent: V_TEG in series with R_source.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For the transformer, LTspice requires specifying both magnetizing inductance and the coupling coefficient. For the Coilcraft LPR6235 at 1:100 turns ratio, use L_primary = 47 \u00b5H, L_secondary = 470 mH, coupling coefficient K = 0.97. Specifically, winding resistance should be set to the measured DCR (typically 0.2 \u03a9 primary, 18 \u03a9 secondary for this part).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"width:100%;font-family:Arial, sans-serif\">\n\n  <div style=\"font-size:20px;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:12px;color:#00796b\">\n    LTspice TEG Thevenin Model \u2014 LTC3108 Simulation Setup\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div style=\"background:#e0f2f1;border-left:6px solid #00796b;padding:14px;border-radius:8px\">\n\n    <div style=\"margin-bottom:10px\">\n      <span style=\"font-weight:bold;color:#004d40\">V_TEG<\/span>\n      <span style=\"color:#333\"> VIN 0 80m<\/span>\n      <div style=\"font-size:13px;color:#555;margin-top:3px\">\n        80 mV open-circuit (5\u00b0C dT on 30mm TEG)\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div style=\"margin-bottom:10px\">\n      <span style=\"font-weight:bold;color:#004d40\">R_src<\/span>\n      <span style=\"color:#333\"> VIN VIN_node 1.6<\/span>\n      <div style=\"font-size:13px;color:#555;margin-top:3px\">\n        1.6 \u03a9 source resistance (Laird UTG-57-40)\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div style=\"margin-bottom:10px\">\n      <span style=\"font-weight:bold;color:#004d40\">K_T1<\/span>\n      <span style=\"color:#333\"> L_pri L_sec 0.97<\/span>\n      <div style=\"font-size:13px;color:#555;margin-top:3px\">\n        Coupling coefficient for LPR6235 transformer\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div style=\"margin-bottom:10px\">\n      <span style=\"font-weight:bold;color:#004d40\">C_load<\/span>\n      <span style=\"color:#333\"> VOUT 0 470\u00b5F<\/span>\n      <div style=\"font-size:13px;color:#555;margin-top:3px\">\n        Output bulk capacitor\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div>\n      <span style=\"font-weight:bold;color:#004d40\">C_store<\/span>\n      <span style=\"color:#333\"> VSTORE 0 100 mF<\/span>\n      <div style=\"font-size:13px;color:#555;margin-top:3px\">\n        Supercapacitor energy storage\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Bench measurement methodology<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Measuring quiescent currents in the \u00b5A range requires a precision source-measure unit (SMU) or a high-sensitivity ammeter (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tek.com\/en\/products\/keithley\/source-measure-units\/2400-standard-series-sourcemeter?utm_source=Google&amp;utm_medium=ppc&amp;utm_term=&amp;utm_content=Evergreen&amp;utm_campaign=Evergreen-Keithley-SMU&amp;gad_source=1&amp;gad_campaignid=16479423052&amp;gbraid=0AAAAADkUuH1HwRKBZqlQIPlVm7nQ06whg&amp;gclid=Cj0KCQjwh-HPBhCIARIsAC0p3cfRNpYPP7TpCvYAW_kIdkhJ8XssuLlIHIi9MU8wLjx6vk0F49CJeuIaAt8gEALw_wcB\">Keithley 2450<\/a> or similar). Standard DMMs in series with the circuit introduce sufficient series resistance and voltage drop to disturb the measurement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For cold-start characterization, use a precision DC power supply set to the target VIN (e.g., 50 mV), output impedance set to simulate the TEG source resistance (use a series resistor on the bench). Monitor VAUX, VLDO, and VOUT on separate oscilloscope channels to observe the startup sequencing described in the datasheet. Cold-start time from 20 mV with a 0.1 F supercapacitor is typically 60\u2013180 seconds \u2014 be patient during initial characterization.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Evaluation board: ADI DC1582B-A<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>ADI offers the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flywing-tech.com\/search\/DC1582B-A\">DC1582B-A <\/a>evaluation board for the LTC3108 and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flywing-tech.com\/search\/DC1582B-B\">DC1582B-B <\/a>for the LTC3108-1. These boards include jumper-selectable turns-ratio transformers, test points at every key node, and a header for connecting a <a href=\"http:\/\/silabs.com\/development-tools\/wireless\/efr32xg22-wireless-starter-kit?tab=overview&amp;s_kwcid=AL!16736!3!731133719414!!!g!!&amp;gad_source=1&amp;gad_campaignid=22178981279&amp;gbraid=0AAAAAD_h18kJLV3YxdeYQdhSv9CnYCrS8&amp;gclid=Cj0KCQjwh-HPBhCIARIsAC0p3cc556gl8dhjnl4nyHQOKW9I-ckpTv6Srg9eFGg390IEK2Wq8GAE3-QaAm_hEALw_wcB\">Silicon Labs EFM32 Gecko starter kit<\/a> as the load MCU. For initial feasibility testing with a new TEG source, evaluating this board before committing to a custom PCB layout saves significant debug time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"energy_harvesting_ics_in_2025%e2%80%932026_trends_makers_should_track\"><\/span><strong>Energy Harvesting ICs in 2025\u20132026: Trends Makers Should Track<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Sub-5 mV cold-start ICs: closing the gap on perpetual-energy devices<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The EM Microelectronic EM8900, capable of cold-starting from 5 mV, opens applications where the LTC3108&#8217;s 20 mV threshold is a barrier \u2014 sub-1\u00b0C thermal gradient harvesting, very small body-surface TEGs, and harvesting from thermocouple arrays on room-temperature surfaces. As of 2025, the EM8900 is priced at approximately $0.79 in single quantities, making it accessible for maker projects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Intermittency-aware computing frameworks<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A fundamental challenge with energy-harvested systems is that power can disappear mid-computation. Research projects like Chinchilla (Berkeley) and the Rust-based iotedge-intermittent framework use non-volatile SRAM checkpointing to resume computation across power outages transparently. For maker projects, the simplest approach is designing firmware as a series of idempotent tasks: sense \u2192 store to EEPROM \u2192 transmit \u2192 sleep. Each stage is atomic; if power fails between stages, the next startup simply retries from the last committed EEPROM state.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Multi-source IC integration<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The trend in commercial IoT deployments is toward ICs that handle two or three harvesting sources simultaneously solar by day, TEG from HVAC heat by night, and RF from a nearby access point as a backup. The e-peas AEM20940 supports this architecture natively. For makers, this trend means that a single-IC, multi-source board is now achievable without complex external power management logic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"frequently_asked_questions\"><\/span><strong>Frequently Asked Questions<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"schema-faq wp-block-yoast-faq-block\"><div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1777719580556\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\"><strong>What is the minimum temperature differential needed to power the LTC3108?<\/strong><\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">With a properly sized 40 mm \u00d7 40 mm TEG and good heatsinking, the LTC3108 can start from temperature differences as low as ~1\u00b0C (no-load). For practical operation with MCU and radio, a more realistic requirement is 5\u201310\u00b0C, depending on the TEG size and load.\u00a0<\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1777719600113\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\"><strong>Can the LTC3108 charge a lithium-ion battery directly?<\/strong><\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">No. The LTC3108 does not include Li-ion charging control (CC\/CV). It should not be connected directly to a Li-ion cell. Instead, use a dedicated charger IC (e.g., MCP73831). For thin-film batteries, devices like the SPV1050 are more suitable.\u00a0<\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1777719613840\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\"><strong>What is the difference between the LTC3108 and the LTC3109?<\/strong><\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">The LTC3109 supports both DC and low-frequency AC inputs and can handle either polarity, making it suitable for more flexible TEG orientations. The LTC3108 only supports positive DC inputs. Both share similar ultra-low voltage cold-start behavior.<\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1777719637906\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\"><strong>Why does my LTC3108 circuit oscillate but never charge VOUT?<\/strong><\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">This usually happens when VOUT is loaded too early or too heavily. During startup, the IC prioritizes charging VAUX first. Also, high-leakage capacitors on VOUT can prevent proper charging. Ensure no load is connected during initial startup testing.\u00a0<\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1777719656118\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\">C<strong>an I use the LTC3108 with a solar panel instead of a TEG?<\/strong><\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">Yes, but it is not optimal. The LTC3108 does not include MPPT, so it cannot efficiently track a solar panel\u2019s maximum power point. For solar harvesting, ICs like the BQ25570 or SPV1050 are better choices.\u00a0<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"conclusion\"><\/span><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>ICs for energy harvesting have emerged beyond the experimental stage to become available to makers. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flywing-tech.com\/search\/LTC3108\">LTC3108<\/a> continues to be the state-of-the-art device for ultra-low cold-start voltage (20 mV) for TEG and thermopile applications, featuring oscillator, boost converter, LDO, power-good indication, and storage control all in one tiny package of 3\u00d74 mm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If solar harvesting is the primary source, then the BQ25570 gives MPPT and less quiescent current with the trade-off of higher cold-start voltage. The most integrated circuit for hybrid source and thin film battery charging is the SPV1050, which does not require a separate charger IC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Five projects that can be designed based on the guidelines presented in this guide span the realistic capability range of current ICs for harvesting: from several microwatts generated from body heat to tens of milliwatts generated from industrial sources. In each project, the design criteria are similar: minimize average power drawn through duty cycling, allocate storage sufficient for the outage period, and choose an IC configuration suitable for the power source.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flywing-tech.com\/category\/integrated-circuits-ics\/pmic-power-management-specialized-00325a79\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2160\" height=\"798\" src=\"https:\/\/www.flywing-tech.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/specialized-power-management-ics-for-system-efficiency.jpg\" alt=\"specialized power management ICs used for power sequencing, monitoring, and energy management in embedded and industrial electronic systems.specialized power management ICs used for power sequencing, monitoring, and energy management in embedded and industrial electronic systems.specialized power management ICs used for power sequencing, monitoring, and energy management in embedded and industrial electronic systems.\" class=\"wp-image-9023\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Energy-harvesting power management ICs (PMICs) like the LTC3108 allow for the creation of battery-free electronic devices by converting ultra-low ambient energy into regulated power. While once restricted to university labs, these ICs are now advanced enough that a maker with a soldering iron and a $10 Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) can build a wireless sensor node [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":9024,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[377,378,565],"tags":[1264,1269,1270,321,1261,1267,1271,1263,1268,1265,1266,1262],"class_list":["post-8926","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-experience-sharing","category-parts-library","category-power-management-ics-pmics-parts-library","tag-battery-free-devices","tag-batteryless-sensor","tag-bq25570","tag-energy-harvesting","tag-energy-harvesting-ic","tag-iot-sensor-node","tag-low-power-design-2","tag-ltc3108","tag-ltc3108-tutorial","tag-pmic","tag-teg-energy-harvesting","tag-thermoelectric-generator"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\r\n<title>Energy-Harvesting ICs Explained: How the LTC3108 Works &amp; 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